Safety information
Safety information
Toxicity: Low-uncertain at traditional doses; not fully characterised by species.
Contraindications: Pregnancy data insufficient; gastric hyperacidity (bitter); biliary obstruction caution.
Interactions: Not well documented.
Pregnancy & breastfeeding: Pregnancy data insufficient.
Evidence level
Supported by laboratory or animal studies; not yet confirmed in humans.
Preparations
powder · whole herb
Part used: whole herb
pill · whole herb
Part used: whole herb
decoction · whole herb
Part used: whole herb
Traditional use: bitter heat/bile-clearing herbs; fever, hot liver/bile disorders, inflammation
Proposed mechanism: secoiridoid glycosides (swertiamarin/sweroside-type), xanthones, flavonoids — anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective
Associated conditions
Nutritional notes
Not nutritional; bioactives are secoiridoids/xanthones/flavonoids.
Healing traditions
Related plants
Sources (1)
- Chi et al. 2021, Plants (Basel) (PMID 34834747)
Sourcing & resources
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